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- FEBRUARY 1990
-
-
- CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS DEBRIEFING
-
- By
-
- Capt. Richard J. Conroy, M.S.
- Assistant Chief of Police
- Saint Cloud, FL Police Department
-
-
- * As the first responder to an early
- morning pedestrian accident, a police
- officer comes across a severed leg
- protruding from a shoe lying in the
- middle of the highway prior to locating
- the victim.
-
- * While stopping his car, a "back-up"
- officer responding to a domestic distur-
- bance call sees a fellow officer take a
- shotgun blast to the stomach just as the
- front door to the residence opens without
- warning.
-
- * An 18-month-old child is pulled from the
- family's backyard pool by the first responding
- police officer, only to have the child pro-
- nounced dead at the hospital emergency room.
-
- These accounts typify the wide-range of emotionally
- traumatic incidents that law enforcement officers may encounter.
- As first responders on the scene, they must act without delay,
- often without the support or backup of other emergency services
- personnel.
-
- Research conducted by Dr. Jeffrey T. Mitchell (1) of the
- University of Maryland suggests that almost 90 percent of all
- emergency services personnel are affected at least once by
- critical incident stress during their careers.
-
- In the past 2 decades, much emphasis has been placed on the
- effects of critical incident stress on the emergency services
- worker who is not a law enforcement officer. Unfortunately, the
- law enforcement community has been rather slow to accept the
- fact that critical incident stress can also be a potentially
- debilitating syndrome that seriously affects both the job
- performance and personal lives of police officers. (2)
-
- CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS
-
- Critical incident stress can be brought on by any action
- that causes extraordinary emotion and overwhelms and impacts on
- an individual's normal ability to cope, either immediately
- following the incident or in the future. Police officers' human
- coping mechanisms are no different than those of others, just
- because they carry a badge and a gun. And the myth that police
- officers always have total emotional control in all situations is
- just that a myth, not a reality.
-
- Any incident that results in deep emotional impact has the
- potential to overwhelm an officer's ability to cope. Oftentimes,
- it makes the officer come face to face with his or her
- vulnerability or sense of mortality, such as in an
- officer-involved shooting, the death or serious injury of a
- co-worker, prolonged or extraordinary rescue operations, or
- life-threatening, dangerous, or ``close'' calls.
-
- For the most part, society expects law enforcement officers
- to handle whatever comes their way, to turn emotions on and off
- at will. But, is it reasonable to expect police officers to be
- all things to all people? And what happens if they can't live up
- to the expectations society places on them? Are there solutions
- to the problem?
-
- THE DEBRIEFING PROCESS
-
- The Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) process has
- been developed in an effort to make law enforcement officers and
- emergency service workers understand that they are normal people,
- having normal reactions to abnormal events or situations. These
- debriefings are not the operational critiques that law
- enforcement administrators traditionally schedule after a major
- incident. Instead, they are gatherings led by a trained mental
- health professional with the assistance of supportive peer
- personnel.
-
- The concept behind these debriefings is to encourage free
- expression of thoughts, fears, and concerns in a supportive
- group environment without losing status among one's peers. In
- fact, debriefings are much more successful and the feedback more
- positive when peer support personnel are more active. (3)
-
- The debriefing process allows individuals to gain insight
- and reframe the event in a different perspective. As short-term
- initial intervention, it often aids in preventing some of the
- long-term cumulative effects caused by traumatic incidents.
-
- Some departments require personnel to attend a debriefing
- session after being involved in a critical stress incident, while
- others make attendance a personal choice.
-
- All debriefings are confidential and provide an opportunity
- for educating officers on stress responses, as well as letting
- those involved know that they are not alone in their thoughts and
- feelings. Successful law enforcement debriefings have been
- conducted after the Winnetka, IL, school shooting, the Palm Bay,
- FL, shopping center shooting, and the Cerritos, CA, air disaster.
-
- DEBRIEFING TEAMS
-
- Debriefing teams are support groups composed of volunteer
- trained mental health professionals and emergency workers who
- learn to talk with others about job-related stress. The team
- counsels others on dealing with the emotional toll of their
- professions.
-
- Team members undergo 16 hours of training before they can
- conduct a counseling session, which is usually scheduled within
- 48 hours after emergency workers have been involved in a critical
- incident. During the training, these volunteers are taught to
- identify critical incidents and the physical and emotional
- symptoms resulting from them, as well as delayed stress
- reactions.
-
- Team members must also become familiar with a debriefing
- model. Basically, this model covers how to get people to
- identify what happened, their role in the incident, and what
- impact the incident had on them. If additional assistance is
- needed after the debriefing session, the individual is given a
- list of referrals to contact for one-on-one counseling.
-
- Almost 100 CISD teams across the country operate on
- national, statewide, regional, and local levels. These teams
- have conducted in excess of 4,500 debriefings for law
- enforcement, as well as other emergency services workers since
- 1983.
-
- A number of larger police agencies have formed their own
- departmental teams and have trained peer debriefers, written
- operational procedures, and gathered administrative support for
- the CISD concept. Other police agencies have networked their
- members into county and regional teams where multidisciplinary
- resources from police, fire, emergency medical, hospital,
- chaplaincy, and mental health are pooled and shared as the need
- arises.
-
- LAW ENFORCEMENT CONCERNS
-
- The many administrative misconceptions about police
- involvement with mental health professionals are changing. The
- philosophies like ``we can handle anything'' and ``it all comes
- with the job, take it or leave it'' are becoming archaic.
-
- Police managers who have witnessed officers suffering from a
- vast array of emotional, physical, and behavioral symptoms are
- beginning to recognize that these conditions can be the resulting
- effects of critical incident stress. Employee turnover, sick
- leave abuse, an increase in alcohol consumption, extreme
- aggressiveness, and substance abuse are just a few of the outward
- signs that an officer may need help from the department and
- peers.
-
- Training and education in the area of stress management have
- become somewhat common practices in the police profession.
- Within the past few years, any law enforcement conference,
- workshop, or seminar would not be complete without a segment or
- speaker on stress management, stress symptoms and their effects.
- But, there is still a long road to travel. Agency administrators
- need to realize that training programs will be more effective if
- they cover more than just the basics of stress education.
- Programs should encourage the dissemination of information
- specific to critical incident stress and the associated
- debriefing process.
-
- CONCLUSION
-
- Providing critical incident stress debriefing services to
- law enforcement officers should be no different than giving
- officers the proper tools and equipment to perform their jobs
- correctly. Agency administrators owe it to their communities to
- assist in dealing with the effects of critical incident stress.
- The well-being of their departments, officers, and the citizens
- they serve depend on it.
-
-
- FOOTNOTES
-
- (1) Jeffrey T. Mitchell, Roles, Stressors and Supports for
- Emergency Workers, National Institute of Mental Health, U.S.
- Department of Health and Human Services, 1985.
-
- (2) Thomas Pierson, ``Critical Incident Stress: A Serious Law
- Enforcement Problem,'' The Police Chief, vol. 66, No. 2, pp.
- 32-33.
-
- (3) Jeffrey T. Mitchell, Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
- Training Seminar, Orlando, FL, April 1989.